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Cell Theory
In order to understandCell theory is the role of DNA you must first look at the cell theory. In 1665, a Scientist named Robert Hooke noticed the honeycomb-shaped structures of a wedge of cork under his primitive microscope. The structures were actually cell walls of dead plants, as cells. When Hooke looked through his microscope, his observation of what the cell looked like led him to name the structure inidea that way: the word "cell" is derived from the Latin "cellula," or small room. His first observations of cells eventually lead toare the establishmentbasic unit of the cell theory.
Microscope have since improved and the biological knowledge base grew. In the 1830's, almost two centuries after Hooke's observations, Robert Brown observed a small and dark staining sphere inside plant walls. He named this structure a nucleus. His discovery was a huge step in the developmentliving things. The making of this theory during the basic cell theory.
Theodor Schwann and Mathias Schleiden concluded that the nucleus plays a chief rolemid 1600s was made possible by advances in the growthmicroscopy. This theory is also one of living cells. These two established the basisfoundations of the cell theory.biology. The modern cell theory statessays that all living organisms consist of one or more nucleatednew cells which are made from other living cells, and that the fundamentalcell is a knowledgable unit of structure, function ofand organization in all living organisms and that cells come from cells that already exist.things.
Chromosomes
The nucleiA chromosome is an combined structure of cells contain very long threadsDNA and protein that is in cells. A chromosome is a single unit of nucleic acidscoiled DNA with many genes, regulatory elements and proteins called "chromosomes". The hypothesis that chromosomes contain hereditary information was beginningalso other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also have DNA-bound proteins, which serve to become accepted inpackage the biological community. Most recent discoveries has revealed that material withinDNA and control its functions. Chromosome comes from the nucleus actually does indeed contain hereditary information that directs the growth, development,Greek χρῶμα (chroma, color) and activitiesσῶμα (soma, body) due to their property of the cell. Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y, while females have two X chromosomes.being very strongly stained by particular dyes. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms
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Hydrogen Bonding
Hydorgen BondingA hydrogen bond is the hydrogen covalently bondedcombined to another electronegative atom hydrogen bonds are weak bonds so they break apart easy. This is importain to the prosses of PCR because you have to break apart the bonds to copy them. So in other words the PCR machine just breaks apart the hydrogen bonds. Even though Hydrogen is amongst the the metals in the periodic table of elementsm, its traits mostly resemble that of a gas, hence why the bond covalent and not ionic.
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double helix
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix like a spiral staircase. Each strand is comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and numerous base chemicals attached in pairs. The four bases that make up the stairs in the spiraling staircase are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These stairs act as the "letters" in the genetic alphabet, combining into complex sequences to form the words, sentences and paragraphs that act as instructions to guide the formation and functioning of the host cell. Maybe even more appropriately, the A, T, C and G in the genetic code of the DNA molecule can be compared to the "0" and "1" in the binary code of computer software. Like software to a computer, the DNA code is a genetic language that communicates information to the organic cell.

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the PCR
PCR process
step 1-taking a sampling
step 2-the sample is processed and DNA is taken from the samples, the DNA is then added to a PCR cocktail,It is then placed into a thermocycler for amplification,the next thing is the double helix splits apart. This is done by heating the sample to 95 degrees Celsius
step 3-it is cooled to 45-60 degrees Celsius. The two single stranded primers find their complementary DNA sequences and bond to them
step 4-The thermostable polymerase catalyzes the addition of complementary bases to the single stranded template DNA. This forms two new double-stranded DNA helix. These three stages of PCR amplification are then repeated over and over (up to 40 times).
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Princples and Procedures of PCR.
PCR is used to amplify specific regions of the DNA strand. This can be a single gene, part of a gene, or a non-coding sequence. Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to 10 kilo base pairs(kb), though some techniques allow amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size.A basic PCR set up requires several components and reagents.

The nuclei of cells contain very long threads of nucleic acids and proteins called "chromosomes". The hypothesis that chromosomes contain hereditary information was beginning to become accepted in the biological community. Most recent discoveries has revealed that material within the nucleus actually does indeed contain hereditary information that directs the growth, development, and activities of the cell. Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y, while females have two X chromosomes.
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen is amoungstamongst the the
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double helix

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Cell Theory
the cell theory.1665theory. In 1665, a Scientist Hooke noticed that the honeycomb-shaped the cell theorytheory.
Microscope have basic cell theorytheory.
Theodor Schwann and Mathias Schleiden concluded that the nucleus plays a chief role in the growth of living cells. These two established the basis of the cell theory. The modern cell theory states that all living organisms consist of one or more nucleated cells which are the fundamental unit of function of living organisms and that cells come from cells that already exist.
Chromosomes

three hydrogen bonds.Abonds. The DNA of all life on Earth has these four base pairs. A stands for
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Cell Theory

The nuclei of cells contain very long threads of nucleic acids and proteins called "chromosomes". The hypothesis that chromosomes contain hereditary information was beginning to become accepted in the biological community. Most recent discoveries has revealed that material within the nucleus actually does indeed contain hereditary information that directs the growth, development, and activities of the cell. Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y, while females have two X chromosomes.
Hydrogen Bonding
hydrogen bonds. Even though Hydrogen is amoungst the the metals in the periodic table of elementsm, its traits mostly resemble that of a gas, hence why the bond covalent and not ionic.
{http://www.rsc.org/ej/NP/2001/b009205n/b009205n-f48.gif} external image
double helix

Theodor Schwann and Mathias Schleiden concluded that the nucleus plays a chief role in the growth of living cells. These two established the basis of the cell theory. The modern cell theory states that all living organisms consist of one or more nucleated cells which are the fundamental unit of function of living organisms and that cells come from cells that already exist.
Chromosomes
the cell. Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y, while females have two X chromosomes.
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydorgen Bonding is the attractive force between one electronegative atom and a hydrogen covalently bonded to another electronegative atom hydrogen bonds are weak bonds so they break apart easy. This is importain to the prosses of PCR because you have to break apart the bonds to copy them. So in other words the PCR machine just breaks apart the hydrogen bonds.

three hydrogen bonds.bonds.A stands for Adenine, T for Thymine, C for Cytosine, and G for Guanine. Because of
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Cell Theory

Hydorgen Bonding is the attractive force between one electronegative atom and a hydrogen covalently bonded to another electronegative atom hydrogen bonds are weak bonds so they break apart easy. This is importain to the prosses of PCR because you have to break apart the bonds to copy them. So in other words the PCR machine just breaks apart the hydrogen bonds.
{http://www.rsc.org/ej/NP/2001/b009205n/b009205n-f48.gif} external image
hhhdouble helix
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix like a spiral staircase. Each strand is comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and numerous base chemicals attached in pairs. The four bases that make up the stairs in the spiraling staircase are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These stairs act as the "letters" in the genetic alphabet, combining into complex sequences to form the words, sentences and paragraphs that act as instructions to guide the formation and functioning of the host cell. Maybe even more appropriately, the A, T, C and G in the genetic code of the DNA molecule can be compared to the "0" and "1" in the binary code of computer software. Like software to a computer, the DNA code is a genetic language that communicates information to the organic cell.
The DNA code, like a floppy disk of binary code, is quite simple in its basic paired structure. However, it's the sequencing and functioning of that code that's enormously complex. Through recent technologies like x-ray crystallography, we now know that the cell is not a "blob of protoplasm", but rather a microscopic marvel that is more complex than the space shuttle. The cell is very complicated, using vast numbers of phenomenally precise DNA instructions to control its every function.
Although DNA code is remarkably complex, it's the information translation system connected to that code that really baffles science. Like any language, letters and words mean nothing outside the language convention used to give those letters and words meaning. This is modern information theory at its core. A simple binary example of information theory is the "Midnight Ride of Paul Revere." In that famous story, Mr. Revere asks a friend to put one light in the window of the North Church if the British came by land, and two lights if they came by sea. Without a shared language convention between Paul Revere and his friend, that simple communication effort would mean nothing. Well, take that simple example and multiply by a factor containing many zeros.
We now know that the DNA molecule is an intricate message system. To claim that DNA arose by random material forces is to say that information can arise by random material forces. Many scientists argue that the chemical building blocks of the DNA molecule can be explained by natural evolutionary processes. However, they must realize that the material base of a message is completely independent of the information transmitted. Thus, the chemical building blocks have nothing to do with the origin of the complex message. As a simple illustration, the information content of the clause "nature was designed" has nothing to do with the writing material used, whether ink, paint, chalk or crayon. In fact, the clause can be written in binary code, Morse code or smoke signals, but the message remains the same, independent of the medium. There is obviously no relationship between the information and the material base used to transmit it. Some current theories argue that self-organizing properties within the base chemicals themselves created the information in the first DNA molecule. Others argue that external self-organizing forces created the first DNA molecule. However, all of these theories must hold to the illogical conclusion that the material used to transmit the information also produced the information itself. Contrary to the current theories of evolutionary scientists, the information contained within the genetic code must be entirely independent of the chemical makeup of the DNA molecule.